Pronouns: substitutes for other nouns

Whereas adjectives qualify nouns, Pronouns represent them. Pronouns are words which substitute for other nouns and often refer back to someone or something mentioned earlier (the antecedent). In Western grammar they are divide into several types.

Here's a quick link table for navigation:

Personal pronouns	I, you, him, her, them	Table: 1
Demonstrative pronouns	this, that, these those	Table: 2, Table: 3, Table: 4, Table: 5
Possessive pronouns	mine, yours, his, hers
Interrogative pronouns	who? what? which?	Table: 6
Indefinite pronouns	anyone, anything, someone	Table: 7
Reflexive pronouns	myself, yourself, himself
Relative pronouns	he who, which, that	Table: 8

The declension of pronouns in Pali is very irregular. Many grammar guides include tables of their various forms (Bomhard, Duroiselle). I'll only present an edited selection in the sections below, but they are tabled out at the end of this post - links above.
As most dictionaries do not list all the individual forms, this post includes an app to search the pronoun tables. There is also a spreadsheet which can be downloaded and searched - Pali Prounouns. Note, the Digital Pāli Dictionary (DPD) recognises all pronoun forms!

Personal Pronouns

English Personal Pronouns

	pers: case:	1st	2nd	3rd
				masc.	neut.	fem.
SINGULAR	subject nom.	I	you	he	she	it
	object acc.	me	you	him	her	it
	possess gen.	mine (my)	yours (your)	his	hers (her)	its
PLURAL	subject nom.	we	you	they	they	they
	object acc.	us	you	them	them	them
	possess gen.	ours	yours	theirs	theirs	theirs

Personal Pronouns in Pali

As in English, the 1st & 2nd personal pronouns are gender neutral ie. they have no gender. But they take their person and number from the noun they represent.

		1st	2nd
SINGULAR	nom.	ahaṃ	tuvaṃ, tvaṃ
		I	you
	acc.	mamaṃ, maṃ, me	tavaṃ, taṃ, tuvaṃ, tvaṃ te
		me	you
PLURAL	nom.	amhe, mayaṃ no	tumhe vo
		we	you
	acc.	amhākaṃ, amhe, no	tumhākaṃ, tumhe, vo
		us	you

Note: the short forms 'me, te, no & vo' are enclitic forms meaning they never come at the beginning of a sentence.

The 1st & 2nd persons pronouns invariably operate as substantive noun substitutes.

Whereas, pronouns generally, and the 3rd person, can be used either as:

• a substantive i.e. representing a person or thing, eg. 'she kicked him'; in which case they follow the rules of nouns;
• or as an adjective, specifying a person or thing, eg. 'his trousers', 'those monks'; in which case they follow the rules of adjectives.

The 3rd person pronouns are gendered; taking their gender as well as person and number from the noun they represent.

pronoun base: ta

3rd	SINGULAR				PLURAL
	masc.	neut.	fem.		masc.	neut.	fem.
nom.	so, sa	taṁ (tad)	sā		te	tāni	tā, tāyo
	he	it	she		they	they	they
acc.	taṁ	taṁ (tad)	taṁ		te	tāni	tā, tāyo
	him	it	her		them	them	them

Aside: Implied Subjects & Pronouns

It is important to note that Pali does not always use a pronoun where English would include one!

Present tense endings:

pers.	SINGULAR	PLURAL
3rd	-ti	-(a)nti
2nd	-si	-tha
1st	-(ā)mi	-(ā)ma

This is because in Pali verbs are inflected to indicate 1st, 2nd or 3rd person.
Which means the personal pronouns (I, we, he/she, it) as explicit words can be omitted, without any loss of meaning!

so passati	≡	passati
he sees		s/he sees
sā taṃ bhāsati	≡	taṃ bhāsati
she speaks (to) him		s/he speaks (to) him

The pronoun ‘s/he’ is already implied by the 3rd person verb ending '-ti'. This only happens when the subject is pronominal. All other pronouns must be explicit in the sentence.

Let's take a look at an example:

dhammaṃ	passati		so	maṃ	passati
acc	pres, act		nom	acc	pres, act
m			m	m
sgl	sgl		sgl	sgl	sgl
	3rd pers		pn-3rd	pn-1st	3rd pers
the dhamma	(he) sees		he	me	sees
(He) sees the dhamma			He sees me

In the first clause the subject pronoun is omitted, while in the second clause it is explicit. This is because, in direct speech, 3rd person pronouns (especially ta) can be used to point to something mentioned earlier. For grammar nerds this is called anaphora. Where pronouns are used as subjects, this is often done for emphasis too.
In effect this is saying:

the person who sees me, that very person sees the dhamma

To complete this well known formula:

yo	maṃ	passati		so	dhammaṃ	passati
nom	acc	pres, act.		nom	acc	pres, act
m	m			m	m
sgl	sgl	sgl		sgl	sgl	sgl
pn-rel	pn-1st	3rd pers	pn-3rd		3rd pers
who	me	(he) sees		he	the dhamma	sees
(He) who sees me				He sees the dhamma

The first clause here begins with a relative pronoun, meaning 'he who'. We'll look at these later. The various pronoun forms of ya & ta are frequently used together like this, forming the what is called relative clause constructions. And we'll cover relative clauses in Pali in more detail in the next post.

Here's a video intro to Personal pronouns in Pali

Learn Pali Grammar: Personal Pronouns

In this Pali grammar tutorial we take a look at Personal pronouns both in English and Pali. These are pronouns like 'he, she, it' and the video also introduces the term 'antecedent'.

Demonstrative pronouns in Pali

Demonstrative pronouns in English are ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘these’, ‘those’. They are used to point to entities (both people & things), and in Pali, roughly locate them (as to near or remote) with respect to the speaker. In English too, there is some indication of proximity; 'this' being closer than 'that'.

There are several stems from which demonstrative pronouns are derived, in Pali. Here's an abbreviated overview:

base:		SINGULAR				PLURAL
		masc.	neut.	fem.		masc.	neut.	fem.
Nominative	ta	so	taṁ	sā		te	tāni	tā
	na		naṁ			ne	nāni	nā
	eta	eso	etaṁ	esā		ete	etāni	etā
	ena		enaṁ			ene	enāni	enā
	ima	ayaṃ	idaṃ	ayaṃ		ime	imāni	imā
	amu	asu	aduṃ	asu		amū	amūni	amū
Accusative	ta	taṁ	taṁ	taṁ		te	tāni	tā
	na	naṁ	naṁ	naṁ		ne	nāni	nā
	eta	etaṁ	etaṁ	etaṁ		te	etāni	etā
	ena	enaṁ	enaṁ	enaṁ		ene	enāni	enā
	ima	imaṁ	imaṁ	imaṁ		ime	imāni	imā
	amu	amū	amū	amū		amū	amū	amū

Hopefully you can see that there is some regularity, for forms of 'na' just replace the 't' of the 'ta' forms with 'n'. For 'eta' just adds an 'e' to the 'ta forms. And, 'ena' again swap the 't' of 'eta' for an 'n', etc. But there are a multitude of irregular declensions too.

Notice that 'ta' is both a 3rd person personal pronoun as well as a demonstrative pronoun. In fact, all the demonstrative forms listed can act as 3rd person personal pronouns too! So they can take the meaning: 'he, she,it, this or that'.

Proximity

Proximity

Base			English equiv.
ima	close at hand	speaker   ⟸	this here
eta(ena)	close by		this
amu	far away		yonder
ta(na)	not present		that

Traditional grammars in Pali state that pronouns from 'ima' refer to things very close, while 'eta' refers to things nearby, but out of reach. 'amu' refers to things far away but that can be seen. Whereas, 'ta' refers to things absent or out of sight.

How close is 'eta' and how far is 'amu' is a relative matter. More often, pronouns from ‘ta’, & 'amu' refer to something or someone that is slightly removed, or unspecific - similar to English ‘that’, 'those'. While, 'eta' & 'amu' denote something more specific, present, or close at hand – similar to English ‘this’, 'these', ‘this here’. But, like 'this' & 'that', the distinction is not exact and can be rather vague.

In conversation, 'ta' can be used to refer to a person or subject mentioned earlier, or someone absent. while 'eta/ena' forms are used to point to someone or something present, or to what immediately preceded in the sentence. And for the grammar nerds, this is called deixis.

Now time for some examples:

eso	maggo	hoti
nom	nom	pres, act
m	m
sgl	sgl	sgl
pn-dem		3rd pers
this	the path	is
..., this is the path

te	brāhmaṇā	maṃ	etad	avocuṃ
nom	nom	acc	acc	past, act
m	m	m	m
pl	pl	sgl	sgl	pl
pn-dem		pn-3rd	pn-dem	3rd pers
those	brahmins	me	this	(they) said
Those Brahmins said this (to) me

In both these examples the demonstratives 'eso & etad' refer to something just explained. The second example has a double accusative (as is often the situation with verbs of speech) representing 'what was said' and 'to whom'. Pali tends to use the pronoun form 'etad' only in this way (the neuter form etaṃ being much more common). The verb is aorist (past tense) of 'vac' - to speak. We'll look at the aorist in a later post. But like all verbs, it agrees with its subject in number and person, thus ‘those Brahmins’ are the ones who spoke. Here 'te' 'those' is acting as an adjective and so agrees in gender, case & number with the noun it qualifies - brāhmaṇā.

Watch out for neuter forms of pronouns ending in a niggahīta (‘-ṃ’) eg. yaṃ, taṃ, etaṃ etc. when in compounds with words starting with a vowel, because the '-ṃ' often changes to ‘d’.

yaṃ + idaṃ => yadidaṃ,
taṃ + eva => tadeva,
etaṃ + avoca => etadavoca.

Again the Digital Pāli Dictionary is good at catching these...

Aside: Do Articles exist in Pali?

English frequently employs articles ‘a’, & ‘the’ to specify nouns. Many Pali guides will tell you that there are no articles in Pali. While this is technically true, numerals 'eka, ekacco' meaning ‘one’, are sometimes used in an indefinite sense, implying: ‘a, a certain, as’, etc. or if plural ‘some’.

And, demonstrative forms of 'ta/eta' ('so', 'sā', 'taṁ' etc.) are often used to give slight emphasis to their subject, approximating to the English definite article 'the'.

This is not the norm though, and more often than not, articles have to be inserted by the translator. Note, this can lead to the meaning being skewed by ones choice of definite (the) or indefinite (a) article!

Here's a video intro to Demonstrative pronouns in Pali:

Learn Pali Grammar: Demonstrative Pronouns

In this Pali grammar tutorial we take a look at Demonstrative Pronouns both in English and the Pali language. Demonstratives are pronouns which point to specific things: 'this, that, these, and those'...

Pali Possessive pronouns

As highlighted in a previous post, possession in Pali is generally indicated by the Genitive case. Each of the pronoun types thus has a genitive form.

Genitive: 1^st & 2^nd person

		SINGULAR		PLURAL
Personal	1st	mama, mayhaṃ, me		amhākaṃ, no
		mine (my)		ours (our)
	2nd	tava, tuyhaṃ, te		tumhākam, vo
		yours (your)		yours (your)

Genitive: 3^rd pers., Demonstrative, Interrogative, Relative.

base:		SINGULAR				PLURAL
		masc.	neut.	fem.		masc.	neut.	fem.
Pers.3rd & Dem.	ta	tassa		tassā, tāya		tesaṃ		tāsaṃ
		his	its	hers		their
	ima	imassa, assa		imāya, imissā, assā		imesaṃ		imāsaṃ
		this				these
Intg.	ka	kassa, kissa		kassā, kāya		kesaṃ		kāsaṃ
		whose?	what?	whose?		whose?	what?	whose?
Rel.	ya	yassa		yassā, yāyaṃ		yesaṃ		yāsaṃ
		whose				whose

As well as the genitive, there are some possessive forms (although not strictly speaking pronouns) based on the personal pronouns by means of affixes -īya & -aka:

madīya ‘mine; my; my own’
māmaka, mamaka ‘mine; my; my own’
amhadīya ‘ours; our own’
tadīya (sg.) ‘yours; your; your own’
tāvaka (sg.) ‘yours; your; your own’

All of which decline to agree with their noun - though I think only nominatives are found in the texts.

Also the word attano (dative/genitive) can be used as a possessive pronoun meaning 'one's own'. Likewise, the pronoun 'sa' or the adjective 'saka'.

so	attano	gāmaṃ	addasā
nom	gen	acc	past, act
m	m	m
sgl	sgl	sgl	sgl
pn-3rd			3rd pers
he	of himself	village	(he) saw
He saw the village of himself
He saw his own village

so	sakaṃ	gāmaṃ	addasā
nom	acc	acc	past, act
m	m	m
sgl	sgl	sgl	sgl
pn-3rd			3rd pers
he	one's own	village	(he) saw
He saw his own village

The word saka declines in all three genders and acts as an adjective. It is important to note that saka agrees with the thing possessed and not with the possessor.

For more detail, here's a video intro to Possessive pronouns in Pali:

Learn Pali Grammar: Possessive Pronouns

In this Pali tutorial we take a look at the grammar of Possessive Pronouns both in English and the Pali language. A pronoun is a substitute word for another substantive noun; and possessive pronouns ...

Interrogative pronouns in Pali

Interrogative pronouns 'who?', 'what?', 'which?' etc. introduce questions. Pali has no questionmark. So instead, it generally uses interrogative pronouns, formed from the pronoun stem 'ka'.

Interrogative base: ka

	SINGULAR				PLURAL
	masc.	neut.	fem.		masc.	neut.	fem.
nom.	ko;	kiṁ, kaṃ	kā, kāyo		ke;	kāni	kā, kāyo
	who?	which, what?	who?		who?	which, what?	who?
acc.	kaṁ	kiṁ, kaṃ	kaṁ		ke;	kāni	kā, kāyo
	whom?	which, what?	whom?		whom?	which, what?	whom?
dat, gen	kassa, kissa	kassa	kassā, kissa		kesaṃ		kāsaṃ
abl.	kasmā		kāya		kehi, kebhi		kāhi, kābhi
inst.	kena		kāya
loc	kasmiṃ, kismiṃ		kassaṃ		kesu		kāsu

English has several interrogative pronouns: who? to whom? what? which? when? where? why? or how? And there is no simple mapping of Pali interrogative to English. It is up to the translator to select an appropriate form.
For example, a question in Gen. clearly asks for ‘whose?’. The Loc. may ask questions of time and place, 'when? where?', but so also the Acc. as the destination of motion. Whereas, the source of an action can be marked by Abl. and sometimes the Dat. if used about purpose 'from where?'. The question of ‘why’ and ‘how’ can be seen in line with causal or instrumental expression which can be in Abl., Instr., or Loc.
So, you have to understand the question clearly and match it to a suitable English pronoun.

Time for some examples:

ko tvaṁ ‘who you?’ = ‘who are you?’;
ko hosi ‘(you) are who?’ = ‘who are you?’;
ke ete ‘who these?’ = ‘who are these?’
kā dārikā ‘which girl?’ = ‘which girl?’
tassā itthiyā kiṃ nāmaṃ hoti 'of that woman is what name?' = 'what is the name of that woman?'
kassa (dat.) imaṃ desi 'to whom, this, (you) give?' = 'you give this to whom?'

The instrumental kena is used with attho ‘need, want, desire’ and the dative of the person to form expressions such as:

kena te (dat.) attho 'what, for you, want?' = 'what do you want?'

The instrumental kena, ablative kasmā, and genitive kissa can all be used adverbially with the meaning ‘why?’, ‘wherefore?’. Finally, kiṁ is quite often used with an instrumental to express ‘what is the use of...'

Besides the pronouns, there are other markers of an interrogative expression. A sentence beginning with api (ap’-), api nu, also implies a question.

nu, pana,  nūna,  isn’t it?
api nu, nu kho, aṅga pana

Also idioms:

Saccaṃ kira -> is it true… ?
Atthi nama -> is it possible… ?

As do the pronominal adjectives katara ‘which one of?’ and katama ‘which?, which one of?’; formed by adding the suffixes -tara and -tama to the interrogative stems.

Here's a video intro to Interrogative pronouns in Pali:

Learn Pali Grammar: Interrogative Pronouns & How to form questions

In this Pali studies tutorial we take a look at the grammar of Interrogative sentences & Interrogative Pronouns both in English and the Pali language. We use interrogative pronouns to ask questions. ...

Indefinite pronouns in Pali

Indefinite pronouns include words such as ‘anyone’, ‘anything’, ‘someone’ ‘something’ 'somebody' etc. In the negative: ‘no-one’, ‘nothing’, 'nobody' etc.
They are easily recognised, in Pali, by the distinctive -ci (-cid) suffix to an interrogative ka pronoun.

koci; kiñci kāci, kañci; etc.

Note: kiñci = kiṃ+ci
I won't repeat them all here. The link above will take you to a full list.

Similar to indefinite pronouns is the numeral 'eka, ekacco' meaning ‘one’, which is sometimes used in an indefinite sense, implying: ‘a, a certain, as’, etc. or in plural ‘some’.

ekassa (dat.) kiñci demi 'to someone, something, (I) give' = 'I give something to someone'
kassaci (dat.) kiñci demi 'to anyone, something, (I) give' = 'I give something to anyone'

There is a subtle difference between 'someone' and 'anyone'. In Pāli, ekassa is closer to 'to someone', whereas kassaci is more like 'to anyone' or 'to whoever'.

Here's a video intro to Indefinite pronouns in Pali:

Learn Pali Grammar: Indefinite Pronouns

In this Pali studies tutorial we take a look at the grammar of indefinite pronouns both in English and the Pali language. Indefinite pronouns to refer to people or things without saying exactly who o...

Pali Reflexive pronouns

Reflexive pronouns 'himself', 'oneself', etc. don't really existing in Pali!
However, a reflexive sense can be expressed by some words:

• attā 'self' (and archaic ātuma, tuma) can be used in two ways:
• as a noun (nom, acc) in which case it usually refers to the Brahmanical sense of a permanent entity;
• or as a reflexive pronoun usually used to express 'himself', 'oneself', 'myself' etc. In instrumental: 'as himself' or 'by himself'; in genitive: 'his own', 'one’s own' etc.
• saka 'own' acting like an adjective saka agrees with the thing that is possessed - and not with the possessor!
• sayam 'oneself, by oneself'
• sāmam 'self / myself',
• sa- as a prefix sometimes expresses 'one’s own'.

An example:

attānaṃ sukheti (caus.) pīṇeti 'himself, makes happy, (he) satisfies' = 'he make himself happy & satisfied'

Here's a video intro to Reflexive pronouns in Pali:

Learn Pali Grammar - Reflexive Pronouns

In this Pali grammar tutorial we take a look at Reflexive pronouns both in English and Pali. Pronoun is a substitute term for another substantive noun; and a reflexive pronouns is used when the subj...

Relative pronouns in Pali

Relative pronouns are words such as ‘who’, ‘which’, ‘whose’, etc. that introduce a relative clause (different from interrogative ‘wh-’ words). They help us compose complex sentences. For example:

John is the man, who bought Jennie a dog."
"The boy, whose bike was broken, sat crying.

Though English uses the same 'wh-' forms, relative pronouns in Pali are based on the stem 'ya' and are thus quite distinct from interrogative pronouns.

Relative base: ya

	SINGULAR				PLURAL
	masc.	neut.	fem.		masc.	neut.	fem.
nom.	yo;	yaṁ	yā		ye, yāni		yā, yāyo
acc.	yaṁ;	yaṁ	yaṁ
dat, gen	yassa		yassā, yāya		yesaṁ		yāsaṁ
abl.	yamhā		yāya		yebhi, yehi		yābhi, yāhi
inst.	yena		yāya
loc	yasmiṁ, yamhi		yassaṁ, yāyaṁ		yesu		yāsu

In Pali, a relative sentence begins with a relative clause, followed by a demonstrative. A brief example:

yo	gilānaṃ	upaṭṭhāti	so	maṃ	upaṭṭhāti
nom	acc	pres, act	nom	acc	past, act
m	m		m	m
sgl	sgl	sgl	sgl	sgl	sgl
pn-rel		3rd pers	pn-dem	pn-1st	3rd pers
he who	ill	attends	he	me	attends
He who attend the sick, he attends me

The 'yo' 'who', relates to 'so' ‘he’. They represent the same thing. The various pronoun forms of ya & ta are frequently used together in this way, to form relative constructions.

And we'll cover relative clauses in Pali in more detail in the next post.

Pali Pronoun Tables & Search app

To search the table type a pronoun form into the box below:

No Match
Personal	1st sg	1st pl		2nd sg	2nd pl
nom	ahaṃ	amhe mayaṃ		tuvaṃ tvaṃ	tumhe
acc	mamaṃ maṃ māmaṃ me	amhākaṃ amhe asmākaṃ no		tavaṃ taṃ tuvaṃ te tvaṃ	tumhākaṃ tumhe vo
inst	mayā me	amhehi no		tayā te	tumhehi vo
dat	mama mamaṃ mayha mayhaṃ me	amhaṃ amhākaṃ amhe asmā asmākaṃ no		tava tuyhaṃ te	tumhaṃ tumhākaṃ vo
abl	mayā	amhehi		tayā tvāya	tumhehi
gen	mama mamaṃ mayha mayhaṃ me	amhaṃ amhākaṃ no		tava tuyhaṃ te	tumhaṃ tumhākaṃ vo
loc	mayi	amhesu		tayi tvāyi	tumhesu
3rd/Dem	masc sg	masc pl	fem sg	fem pl	neut sg	neut pl
nom	sa so	te ne se	sā	tā tāyo nā nāyo	tad taṃ naṃ se	tāni te nāni ne
acc	taṃ naṃ	te ne se	taṃ naṃ	tā tāyo nā nāyo	tad taṃ naṃ	tāni te nāni ne
inst	tena nena	tehi nehi	tāya nāya	tāhi nāhi	nena tena	tehi nehi
dat	tassa nassa	tesaṃ tesānaṃ nesaṃ nesānaṃ	tassā tassāya tissā tissāya	tasānaṃ tāsaṃ nāsaṃ nāsānaṃ	tassa nassa	tesaṃ tesānaṃ nesaṃ nesānaṃ tāsaṃ
abl	tamhā tasmā tato namhā nasmā	tehi nehi	tāya nāya	tāhi nāhi	tamhā tasmā tato namhā nasmā	tehi nehi
gen	tassa nassa	tesaṃ tesānaṃ nesaṃ nesānaṃ	tassā tassāya tissā tissāya	tasānaṃ tāsaṃ nāsaṃ nāsānaṃ	tassa nassa	tesaṃ tesānaṃ nesaṃ nesānaṃ tāsaṃ
loc	tamhi tasmiṃ namhi nasmiṃ	tesu nesu	tassaṃ tāyaṃ tissaṃ nāyaṃ	tāsu nāsu	tamhi tasmiṃ namhi nasmiṃ	tesu nesu
3rd/Dem	masc sg	masc pl	fem sg	fem pl	neut sg	neut pl
nom	esa eso	ete ene ese	esā	etā etāyo enā enāyo	etad etaṃ enaṃ ese	etāni ete enāni ene
acc	etaṃ enaṃ	ete ene ese	etaṃ enaṃ	etā etāyo enā enāyo	etad etaṃ enaṃ	etāni ete enāni ene
inst	etena enena	etehi enehi	etāya enāya	etāhi enāhi	enena etena	etehi enehi
dat	etassa enassa	etesaṃ etesānaṃ enesaṃ enesānaṃ	etassā etassāya etissā etissāya	etasānaṃ etāsaṃ enāsaṃ enāsānaṃ	etassa enassa	etesaṃ etesānaṃ enesaṃ enesānaṃ etāsaṃ
abl	etamhā etasmā etato enamhā enasmā	etehi enehi	etāya enāya	etāhi enāhi	etamhā etasmā etato enamhā enasmā	etehi enehi
gen	etassa enassa	etesaṃ etesānaṃ enesaṃ enesānaṃ	etassā etassāya etissā etissāya	etasānaṃ etāsaṃ enāsaṃ enāsānaṃ	etassa enassa	etesaṃ etesānaṃ enesaṃ enesānaṃ etāsaṃ
loc	etamhi etasmiṃ enamhi enasmiṃ	etesu enesu	etassaṃ etāyaṃ etissaṃ enāyaṃ	etāsu enāsu	etamhi etasmiṃ enamhi enasmiṃ	etesu enesu
3rd/Dem	masc sg	masc pl	fem sg	fem pl	neut sg	neut pl
nom	ayaṃ	ime	ayaṃ	imā imāyo	idaṃ imaṃ	imāni ime
acc	imaṃ	ime	imaṃ	imā imāyo	idaṃ imaṃ	imāni ime
inst	anena aminā iminā	imehi ehi	imāya	imāhi	anena aminā iminā	imehi ehi
dat	assa imassa	imesaṃ imesānaṃ esaṃ esānaṃ	assā assāya imassāya imāya imissā	āsaṃ āsānaṃ imāsaṃ imāsānaṃ	assa imassa	imesaṃ imesānaṃ esaṃ esānaṃ
abl	amhā asmā imamhā imasmā	imehi ehi	imāya	imāhi	amhā asmā imamhā imasmā	imehi ehi
gen	assa imassa	imesaṃ imesānaṃ esaṃ esānaṃ	assā assāya imassāya imāya imissā	āsaṃ āsānaṃ imāsaṃ imāsānaṃ	assa imassa	imesaṃ imesānaṃ esaṃ esānaṃ
loc	amhi asmiṃ imamhi imasmiṃ	imesu esu	assaṃ imāyaṃ imissaṃ	imāsu	amhi asmiṃ imamhi imasmiṃ	imesu esu
3rd/Dem	masc sg	masc pl	fem sg	fem pl	neut sg	neut pl
nom	amu asu	amū	amu asu	amayo amū	aduṃ	adūni amūni
acc	amuṃ	amuyo amū	amuṃ	amayo amū	amuṃ	amayo amū amūni
inst	amunā	amūhi	amuyā	amūhi	amunā	amūhi
dat	amuno amussa	amūsaṃ amūsānaṃ	amuyā amussā	amūsaṃ amūsānaṃ	amuno amussa	amūsaṃ amūsānaṃ
abl	amunā amumhā asmā usmā	amūhi	amuyā	amūhi	amunā amumhā asmā usmā	amūhi
gen	amuno amussa	amūsaṃ amūsānaṃ	amuyā amussā	amūsaṃ amūsānaṃ	amuno amussa	amūsaṃ amūsānaṃ
loc	amumhi amusmiṃ	amūsu	amuyaṃ amussaṃ	amūsu	amumhi amusmiṃ	amūsu
Interrogative	masc sg	masc pl	fem sg	fem pl	neut sg	neut pl
nom	ko ke	ke	kā	kā kāyo	kaṃ kiṃ	ke kāni
acc	kaṃ	ke	kaṃ	kā kāyo	kaṃ kiṃ	ke kāni
inst	kena	kehi	kāya	kāhi	kena	kehi
dat	kassa kissa kissassa	kesaṃ kesānaṃ	kāya kassā kissā	kāsaṃ kāsānaṃ	kassa kissa kissassa	kesaṃ kesānaṃ
abl	kamhā kasmā kismā	kehi	kāya	kāhi	kamhā kasmā kismā	kehi
gen	kassa kissa kissassa	kesaṃ kesānaṃ	kāya kassā kissā	kāsaṃ kāsānaṃ	kassa kissa kissassa	kesaṃ kesānaṃ
loc	kamhi kasmiṃ kimhi kismiṃ	kesu	kāya kāyaṃ kassā kassaṃ kissaṃ	kāsu	kamhi kasmiṃ kimhi kismiṃ	kesu
Indefinite	masc sg	masc pl	fem sg	fem pl	neut sg	neut pl
nom	koci	keci kecana	kāci	kāci	kiñci	kānici
acc	kañci kiñci kiñcanaṃ	kecana keci	kañci	kāci	kiñci	kānici
inst	kenaci	kehici	kāyaci	kāhici	kenaci	kehici
dat	kassaci	kesañci	kassāci kāyaci	kāsañci	kassaci	kesañci
abl		kehici	kāyaci	kāhici		kehici
gen	kassaci	kesañci	kassāci kāyaci	kāsañci	kassaci	kesañci
loc	kasmiñci kismici kismiñci kimhici	kesuci	kāyaci	kāsuci	kasmiñci kismici kismiñci kimhici	kesuci
Relative	masc sg	masc pl	fem sg	fem pl	neut sg	neut pl
nom	yo	ye	yā	yā yāyo	yad yaṃ	yāni ye
acc	yaṃ	ye	yaṃ	yā yāyo	yad yaṃ	yāni ye
inst	yena	yehi	yāya yissā	yābhi yāhi	yena	yehi
dat	yassa	yesaṃ yesānaṃ	yassā yāya	yāsaṃ yāsānaṃ	yassa	yesaṃ yesānaṃ
abl	yato yamhā yasmā	yehi	yāya	yābhi yāhi	yamhā yasmā	yehi
gen	yassa	yesaṃ yesānaṃ	yassā yāya	yāsaṃ yāsānaṃ yānaṃ	yassa	yesaṃ yesānaṃ
loc	yamhi yasmiṃ	yesu	yassaṃ yāya yāyaṃ	yāsu	yamhi yasmiṃ	yesu